Chapter 18: The Apparent Victory of Democracy

#97 some postwar characteristics

economic dislocations: returning armies must find jobs

franchise for women

mellowing of social democrats: more willing to work within parliamentary framework, more revisionist

extension of social welfare programs Eastern European states

constitutional republics in form, but without deep roots: never generated from deep movements for reform

problems of reactionaries and leftists, still extant minorities

political boundaries and tariffs constrict economic activity

break-up of large estates: most in Baltic republics and in Czechoslovakia, least in Poland and Hungary

continued rural poverty

#98 Weimar Republic: revolution without change

democracy upheld by Social Democrats and Catholic Center Party now, almost conservative: more concerned with preserving present gains than forging more

challenged by Communists: Spartacist uprising, 1919: attempted, but failed

proletarian revolution irrevocably split SD's from Communists

challenged by alienated right: Kapp Putsch, 1920: armed revolt, but saved by Berlin utility workers

Weimar = very democratic. civil rights for everyone. not in the least socialistic: no change in property, no industry nationalized. army maintained as before, but in miniature.

disturbing consequences of Versailles Treaty

new frontiers, reparations, war guilt: German hatred of the Diktat. dishonor.

French fear of revived Germany: need for security. GBr and USA dis France.

League weakened by US absence.

German rapprochement with USSR: treaty of Rapallo, 1922: each helps the other arm.

French occupation of Ruhr (1923): German refusal to pay reparations ==> French occupation ==> worker strikes ==> German support of workers by printing $ ==> hyperinflation ==> social revolution, moral void ==> US Dawes Plan <-- to assure flow of reduced reparations, and Germany allowed to borrow from abroad

diplomatic reconciliation: treaties of Locarno, 1925, and Pact of Paris, 1928.

Germany joins League, 1926 revival of German prosperity

#99 resentments of imperialism: absentee capitalism, erosion of culture, racial and social humiliation

imperialism: management of country and exploitation of its resources for the benefit of foreigners

revolt against Western supremacy, but also imitation

impact of WWI (colonies stimulated economically, political concessions), Russian Revolution (way to modernize, not Westernize)

Turkish Revolution

Young Turks, 1908: failed. loss of Arabs to British in WWI.

Mustapha Kemal Ataturk and a national, secular, Westernized Turkish Republic, under threat of external invasion.

uprooting and transfer of Greek and Turkish populations same for Persia

India: Ghandi: for self-government, economic and spiritual independence from GBr

nonviolent civil disobedience

boycott of manufactures: against all industry

problem of Hindus v. Muslims: indicative of disorder in India. factions, castes, local lords. chaos if British leave? strong attraction to Communism.

China

overthrow of Manchu dynasty, 1911, and immediate establishment of military dictatorship by one close to Manchus. In south, rise of Sun Yat-sen.

warlordism until 1928

Sun and The Three People's Principles: shed light on revolt of all Asia 1) Democracy: sovreignty of people, but also rule of elite. government by experts. "Benevolent dictatorship" in interest of people. 2) Livelihood: social welfare, economic reform, more equitable distribution of wealth 3) Nationalism: teach people importance of nation and state Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) and Soviet tutelage

Paris conference disappointing. Sun turns to Soviets. Chinese Communist Party. Influx of military aid, and soviet surrender of extraterritorial rights. British follow suit.

Chiang Kai-shek and attempted liquidation of Communists

Chiang mounts offensive to subjugate warlords. But in 1927, radical

left's actions scare right in Kuomintang, and thus, Chiang's $ supply.

Chiang purges Kuomintang, and left flees to mountains. Now, old revolutionary impulse = dissipated, just want to stay in power. Communists, though, continue reform and feed on popular discontent.

Mao Tse-tung and the Lond March: 6,000 mile march, 1934-35. Of 90,000, 1/2 die. Amass strong following among rural masses. uneasy truce to resist Japanese, 1930s

Japan

her WWI expansionary activities: since Sino-Japanese War, 1895, Japanese thought China as their backyard for their expansion. 21 Demands, occupation of Shantung and eastern Siberia

Japanese drive for export markets v. Chinese desire for protective tariffs

Japan's Western constitutionalist facade expansionary business: Zaibatsu expansionary military officers nationalist revival: Shinto, or emperor worship, 1854. way of warrior as code of life. old clansmen and samurai in control of military, war ministries. Eventual military domination of rest of government.

conquest of Manchuria, 1931: for specious reasons. Manchuguo.

impotence of League: China protests, but Great Powers, knowing they would have to bear burden of invasion, take no action.

#100 the delicate worldwide economic linkage among creditors, producers, and consumers

expansionary role of automobile, mass communications

farm depression in 20s: re-introduction of E. Europe, inc. mechanization,

dry farming. when economy crashed, no reserve of purchasing power from

the farms.

collapse of American stock market, 1929

role of margin buying

no more export of US capital

reduction of worldwide purchases

collapse of credit institutions, 1931

social effects of unemployment: loss of skills and talents, waste, crushing.

collapse of international economic unity: movement to economic nationalism,

isolation from the world market that transmitted the depression.

competitive currency devaluation: going off gold standard to protect trade

protective tariffs, quotas

bilateral trade, even barter

recoil into embittered national economic units